peat - peat from the San Andreas fault zone, formed in a marsh that dried out roughly a century ago - display specimen

This peat was collected from a former marsh along Pallett Creek in the San Andreas fault zone, Los Angeles County, California

Peat is formed by partial decomposition of plant material under acidic conditions. With burial and compression, peat forms lignite and eventually bituminous coal. 

At Pallett Creek, the peat was formed in a marshy sag pond in the fault zone. Layers of leaves and vegetation fell into the marsh and were subsequently covered with sediment. On average, organic and sedimentary units alternate every 25 years. The vegetation was gradually compressed to form peat, forming a layer cake of silty sediment and peat. The marsh was left high and dry about a century ago when the creek was incised during a flood. 

When an earthquake occurred along this segment of the fault, the peat and sediment layers would be broken. Following the earthquake, a new and undisturbed peat layer would be deposited above the broken layers. Radiocarbon dating of that peat would constrain the age of the fault rupture. 

Trenches in the former marsh exposed the peat/silt layers. These were mapped, broken layers were reconstructed from the top down and and dated, revealing the dates of nine large earthquakes with a recurrence interval of 135 years on the southern segment of the San Andreas. The last large event on this segment occurred in 1857.

This peat, an organic sedimentary rock, is crumbly and should be handled carefully. We have had some specimens in our collection for roughly 40 years. They constantly shed crumbs in their unit trays when handled but are still basically as they were when collected. The peat and sediment layers are exposed in a low bluff above the creek. These pieces were collected from blocks of peat that tumbled down from the topmost layers in the bluff. 

The field photo shows the peat and silt layers at the bottom of the bluff, broken by localized faulting that was activated by large events on the San Andreas.

This specimen is almost entirely plant material with no silt. Not the dense Irish peat that is no longer being used as a fuel, but a decent example if you are explaining the sequence from peat to lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite.

If you are teaching the peat/silt layering that lead to discovery of the recurrence interval for large earthquakes on this segment of the San Andreas, the large specimens of silty peat we have show the silt/peat layering.

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